Why Sherlock Holmes Is Just as Original as C. Auguste Dupin

Why Sherlock Holmes is Just as Original as C. Auguste Dupin After reading two famous amateur detective stories by Edgar Allan Poe and two by Arthur Conan Doyle, I found myself questioning the originality of Doyle's stories as compared to Poe's stories. The stories in question are â€Å"The Purloined Letter† and â€Å"Murders in the Rue Morgue† by Poe and â€Å"The Adventure of the Speckled Band† and â€Å"A Scandal in Bohemia† by Doyle. All four of these stories had very exciting story lines and had very interesting mysterious aspects . Since the Poe stories of C.Auguste Dupin were written well before Doyle's stories of Sherlock Holmes, this leads to the question of whether or not Doyle's stories are genuinely original or if much of his stories ideas were copied from Poe. I believe that Doyle's detective stories are just as creative and original as Poe's detective stories. One of the biggest and probably most obvious similarities between the stories is tha t of the plots. In â€Å"The Purloined Letter†, Dupin is contacted by the prefect to help the police retrieve a letter that had been stolen.This letter was of great importance to a certain person and if this letter was released to the public it would reveal things that could ruin that person's reputation. The prefect knows Minister D- stole the letter. He also knows that the letter must to be very close the minister who stole it because the ability to produce the letter when needed is just as important to the minister as actually having it. The police have searched the minister's hotel room and were not able to find the letter.Dupin then goes to the minister's hotel room and easily retrieves the letter because he knows that the minister would hide it in plain sight, since he knew the police would come looking for it. Many of these aspects of Poe's story are repeated in Doyle's A Scandal in Bohemia†. In â€Å"A Scandal in Bohemia† Holmes is confronted by an import ant king to retrieve a letter and a photo of him with his ex lover that proves their relationship. If the photo was released it could hurt his reputation immensely. The king has tried many things to retrieve the letter but was unsuccessful.Holmes then goes to the woman's house and tricks her into revealing the location of the letter by faking a fire thinking that the photo would be the first thing she would grab. Because of these similarities between the two stories by Poe and Doyle it appears that Doyle had copied his ideas from Poe who had written his story years earlier. In â€Å"Murders in the Rue Morgue†, Dupin goes to investigate a murder scene. At this scene there are many clues that would lead one to think it was a human that committed the murder.However, it was difficult to come up with a motive for that person because bags of money were still on the floor and the women that were murdered hardly ever made contact with others which makes it difficult to believe that t here is someone who would want to cause them harm. Dupin goes on to find some more clues that lead him to believe it wasn't a human that committed the crime but a sailors Ourang-Outang. Dupin then gets the sailor to come to his house and gets him to admit that it was his animal that committed the murder.Again these scenarios in Poe's story are very similar to those in Doyle's story â€Å"The Adventure of the Speckled Band†. In â€Å"The Adventure of the Speckled Band†, Holmes is consulted about a very suspicious case. A woman was killed a few years ago and before she died she had said it was the speckled band that killed her. Holmes goes to the house where she was killed to investigate. At first Holmes believes the speckled band was a group of gipsies that would hang out on their property, but after further investigating he had realized it was not gipsies but a speckled snake that the girl's father kept inside the house.Another huge similarity between the two stories t hat would imply Doyle had copied Poe's ideas is the narrator of the story. In â€Å"Murders in the Rue Morgue† and â€Å"A Scandal in Bohemia† the reader is given a lot of information by the narrator about the main character. In both stories the narrator is a close friend who lives with the detective. Also the narrator always tells the reader everything that is going on and he is also a fairly smart person but not as smart as the main character. Holmes and Dupin also have very similar detective methods.Both characters are capable of seeing things that normal people are not. They will put themselves in the suspects shoes and think as they would to discover more clues. When they discover clues they will come up with a hypothesis and then investigate it until it is proven true or more clues are revealed to them causing them to come up with a new hypothesis. They also will never tell the narrator what they are thinking or ask him for advice. They do all of their sleuthing on their own and reveal it to the narrator once they have solved the case.In both â€Å"Murders in the Rue Morgue† and â€Å"The Adventure of the Speckled Band† the detectives inform their partner what they have been thinking all along and how they solved the mystery. Even though there are all these similarities between the Dupin and Holmes stories there are also many differences that give each story their own originality. For example, â€Å"A Scandal in Bohemia† is extremely similar to â€Å"The Purloined Letter† however, at the end Dupin is successful in his endeavour whereas Holmes is not.The ending of a story is always the most important and such a drastic difference between the two stories certainly provides Doyle with a little more originality. In â€Å"Murders in the Rue Morgue† which is very similar to â€Å"The Adventure of the Speckled Band†, Dupin comes up with his hypothesis and he is correct. In â€Å"The Adventure of the Speck led Band† Holmes comes up with his hypothesis but soon realizes that he was incorrect and is forced to come up with a new hypothesis. Dupin gives off the impression that he is the perfect detective that never makes mistakes and Holmes actually makes a mistake.This huge difference between the stories makes Doyle's story very original and not so much of a copy of Poe's story. One noticeably large difference between the Dupin and Holmes stories is that of the background story of the mystery or information as to why the crime happened. In the Dupin stories the plot jumps right to the events that happened and what Dupin does to solve it. For example in â€Å"Murders in the Rue Morgue† Dupin reads about the murder in the paper and then goes to solve it. There is no background information given on the people involved in the murder.In the Holmes stories the reader is given significant amounts of background information to the characters involved in the mystery. For example in â €Å"The Adventure of the Speckled Band† the reader is given much information on the background of the victims in the murder. Being given this information the reader understands more how the victim is feeling and can become more involved in the story. This effect on the reader is something that makes the Doyle stories very original and not an exact copy of Poe's stories.The biggest difference between Dupin and Holmes would have to be their personality. Dupin is described as a loner that sits at home and spends his time thinking whereas Holmes is a very well known person to other people and is also addicted to cocaine. Dupin can be seen as a very serious person where Holmes is more of a quirky and adventurous person. This difference between Holmes and Dupin gives Holmes a much more creative and interesting character than Dupin, implying that Doyle did not rip off Poe's detective character when he was making his own.All of the similarities between Doyle's stories and Poe's stori es would lead one to believe that Sherlock Holmes was just a rip off of Dupin. Since Poe was the first author to write about a detective it seems obvious that other authors would take ideas from his stories just as Doyle did. There was most likely something that Poe had read or experienced that gave him his ideas for Dupin so it is only natural for writers to get their ideas or concepts from other places.However, because of all the original ideas and differences to the Holmes stories I believe that Doyle's detective stories are just as creative as Poe's stories. It is the main ideas of the story such as the outcome or the personality of the main character that are different which causes the stories to actually be much different. For this reason I believe that the Holmes stories are genuinely original and that Arthur Conan Doyle made significant contributions to the detective story.

Fiction and Post-modernism

Post-Modernism is similar to Modernism because in many respects the two movements are similar. Post-Modernism simply means that a new generation concluded, as its elders had done, that there are no certainties and that life has no meaning beyond what we can impose upon it. It is in technique that Post-Modernism distinguishes itself from Modernism and it started in Europe and Latin American in 1945 and in North America in 1960. In Post-Modernism, there was a notion that it was absurd that literature could see life steadily and see it whole. Instead, fragments, individual perceptions, incoherence and even drug-induced hallucinations seemed more real and in touch with the times than any claim of stability or unity. The stories I will be looking further in to, to see how they represent Post-Modernism, are: â€Å"The Babysitter,† by Robert Coover, â€Å"The Balloon,† by Donald Barthelme, and â€Å"Jealous Husband Returns in Form of Parrot,† by Robert Olen Butler, Jr. â€Å"The Babysitter† is a fragmented story about a babysitter taking care of two children while their parents attend a cocktail party. The story has many elements of sexuality in it and the same storyline included different endings, such as the babysitting being raped by her boyfriend and his friend, the children’s father seducing the babysitter, and even the possibility of the young child drowning in the bathtub. The babysitter is watching television shows and switches back between a drama and a mystery, and this mirrors the fragmented situation that is given to the reader. This story represents Post-Modernism because Post-Modernism does not look for a unified sense of self in the individual; like the world the individual is a random collection or collage of miscellaneous pieces of the external culture. In this story, the reader can be very confused as to what is truly happening. Did she actually get raped by her boyfriend and his friend? Or did she get seduced by the children’s father? At the end of the story, we don’t know what happened and it is hinted that there was a murder, but there is no way to confirm this. This story has over 100 paragraphs, and they do not connect with each other. Going back to try to piece them together to make different plots is impossible because some paragraphs don’t even indicate which plot they are a part of. Along the same lines, this work of fiction embraces all aspects of the present culture and puts them in a fantastic combination as a way of conveying the fragmentation of contemporary life. Events in life aren’t always neat and in order; we can live scattered lives and this story represents how we see things in our everyday life. There is no chronological narrative, but instead scattered fragmentations that do not always make sense, just like how a person’s true life is. Lastly, this story represents Post-Modernism because it is metafiction; the â€Å"point† of the story is about the process of making fiction. I felt this story had a mixture of different fiction stories in it, and as a reader we are not sure which one is the truth, or if any of them even happened for that matter. A device of metafiction is the story addressing specific conventions with the story itself, and â€Å"The Babysitter† accomplished this by using the conventions of paragraph and plot, and portraying them in an unconventional way. There were many elements of Post-Modernism used in â€Å"The Balloon† as well. This story is about a seemingly purposeless balloon that suddenly appeared in NYC. It seems the narrator inflated the balloon one night while people were sleeping and covers almost the entire southern half of Manhattan. Everybody is mesmerized by this balloon and are so fascinated as to where it came from and what it means. By the end of the story, it is unsure as to whether there really was a balloon there or whether it was just part of the imagination of the narrator. In Post-Modern thought, any sense of a unifying idea or philosophy or even the notion of scientific progress is rejected. In this story, there was no logical reasoning as to what the balloon represented. It appeared there and people were amazed by it, but there was no real explanation as to how it appeared and what the purpose of it was for. Imagination seemed to be used more than logic and reason. Also, a characteristic of Post-Modernism is that art cannot provide any explanation or unity for experience; it cannot explain or unify experience. To me, the balloon was an artistic representation. People were trying to figure out what it was meant for, but it seemed to provide no purpose for them. The only person it might’ve provided purpose for was the narrator, but I find it odd how he would inflate this big balloon and put it in a place where half of NYC can see, only to use it for his own purpose. Just like with â€Å"The Babysitter,† the point of the story is more about the process of metafiction rather than telling a story. I feel the narrator was using the balloon as a symbol in his own story. The balloon represented a time of unhappiness for him because his love was away; and when she came back the balloon was removed and reserved for another time of unhappiness. Lastly, there are elements of Post-Modernism in â€Å"Jealous Husband Returns in Form of Parrot. † This story is about a parrot that supposedly used to be a man, but had died and was now a parrot. The parrot was bought by his widow, and now he could look around and see how her life is now and to reflect on his previous life and the way he is now. Post-Modernism does not look for a unified sense of self in the individual; like the world the individual is a random collection or collage of miscellaneous pieces of the external culture. This story really did not have much unity and it wasn’t certain whether the parrot was supposed be like a reincarnation of the man, or just a symbol of what he had become. Most people in life don’t believe that a man could die and then become a parrot, and when the parrot is exploring the world around him, it is a random collection. All of the miscellaneous things he sees around him now, he sees in a different light. Similarly, art itself is a collage, a collection of fragments that create no unity. It isn’t certain whether the parrot was only alive after the man had died, or if the man’s soul was transformed in the parrot. The pieces of the story do not always fit together so the reader can be confused as to what truly happened and at the end the fate of the bird is unknown. Also, a characteristic of Post-Modernism is that satire, parody, jokes, and black humor often dominate the tone of a work of fiction. This story had some funny elements in it. There is a scene where the man, in the form of the parrot, is mocking the man that his widow is with. He struggled to say words, and is able to call the man a â€Å"cracker† and also makes a comment when the man is nude and says â€Å"peanut,† and this goes without saying that he is mocking the man’s manhood size. He figured there is no way he can get his widow back, so he resorts to name calling in order to make the man who is loving his wife feel less superior. Post-Modernism was very similar to Modernism, but there is no unified sense of self in the individual. In most of these stories, the individual, like the world, is a random collection or collage of miscellaneous pieces of the external culture. I enjoyed reading these stories because they make you think a lot about what the point of the story is, if there even is one; or the author could be using the metafiction for the story. Either way, these short stories challenge the reader to figure out why the author portrayed the characters and plot the way they are, and what we as readers can take away from the story.

Impact Of Globalisation On Biodiversity Environmental Sciences Essay

Biodiversity is the diversity in the different assortments of vegetations and zoologies in a peculiar home ground. It comprises of the entirety of cistrons, species and ecosystems in a specific topographic point. It serves as a beginning of aesthetic and economic value, is used as nutrient and related points, provides scientific information and replaces technology solutions such as inundation control and H2O pollution suspension. Bio profusion therefore is rated of higher penchant to stand as a major factor for the future economic growing and thereby the overall sustainable development. Globalization is the construct where people, states, engineerings, concerns and webs are interconnected and mutualist politically, economically and socially unhampered by different clip zones doing the whole universe as a incorporate Earth. It helps in the addition of transit and communicating webs and allows cross boundary line trade and resource motions. The international concern activities and transverse national pacts and understandings are done with much easiness. The inquiry put frontward was whether globalization is a cause for the loss of biodiversity. The impression of globalizing the universe comprises of upgrading and furthering of all the sectors and domains of economic system. Peoples started basking the epicurean life styles and became attached to deluxe stuffs and pull pleasance out of it. This drastically depleted the natural resources and their comprehensiveness. Since bio diverseness is the cardinal factor comprising of both the biotic and abiotic factors in an environment, the loss of its impressiveness will drastically impact the present gait and thereby indirectly strike hard on the future coevalss to follow. STANDPOINT PROPOSITION The failure to proper recycling, inefficiency in the procedure of Restoration of the close nonextant assortments by newer birthrate techniques, over development of fossil fuels and tremendous population growing have lead to serious problems. Measures must be taken to seek for the best genteelness evidences and place home grounds that would rejuvenate the endangered species. Ethical values and morale of people must be exploited for the protection of the nonextant vegetations and zoologies. The buffer zones must be encouraged to be set up for making infinite between human intercession and original wild homes. All the intergovernmental administrations and related establishments must come together to organize and take part in meetings and seminars yearly or semi-annually to explicate programs and implement schemes to avoid the concealed catastrophes that could originate from the progressing loss of biodiversity and the rare species. The value of ecosystem balance and a sustainable economic system must be indispensable for a stable economic system. Thus a good attempt must be taken to uplift biodiversity as it contributes to both useful and non useful evidences. I take a mediocre base in the saving of bio diverseness along with globalizing the universe pull outing common benefits from both and lending to a better economic system. Thus a universe would be possible basking the facets of planetary benefits and every bit valuing the bio assets.EssayThe term ‘Globalisation ‘ creates a large difference in the full facet of revolutionizing an economic system. It would bring forth a new universe where people would hold upon common evidences and come into harmoniousness to cover with originating struggles and differences with easiness. It would do the dream of uniting the Earth with a individual civilization, heritage, human rights and criterions come true. The economic systems will unify together for a common end, intent and purpose to separately lend to the overall general development of the communities. The people would come into the point of giving their best by going reciprocally accountable for each other and developing complimentar y accomplishments. Effective engagement and shared leading will be displayed by each and every one being to do their portion go clear and true. There would be right usage of power and its execution by the right set of people at the right juncture. Globalisation would do the engineering to progress and turn in right proportions to all the sectors and countries in equalised sums and contribute for the well being of its beginning. The cognitive, affectional and behavioral forms of economic systems will be furnished to lend more and more to the well being of the states together as a individual unit with defined rules and etiquettes. The basic demands of self realization demands, security concerns, sociableness factors, position and self-respect counts and general morale of the future coevalss will be revised and viewed upon in a different and broader position. The cross boundary line issues and interstate affairs will be held with concerns and peace pacts and dialogues would harmonize different settlements and related districts. Surely globalizing the universe is one of the most of import factors required for instilling a necessary alteration to the economic system. Biodiversity on the other manus is one of the cardinal factors consisting the Earth to its entireness. It is the entirety of cistrons, species and ecosystems together lending to the biotic and abiotic factors of the planet. The profusion of vegetations and fauna constitutes the green factor and spreads the value of aesthetic beauty. It is the basic edifice block of the Earth and is the anchor component giving infinite for future growing and flourishing of newer strains and assortments of species. Since globalization struck the caputs of people, so did happen the extra loss of biodiversity. Peoples began to bask the gustatory sensation of comfort and foolish luxury. The age of Americanisation, Mc donalisation and computerisation paved manner to more and more relaxed methods of life and effortless entree to stuffs. It generated a tract to ready and immediate entr & A ; eacute ; vitamin E to the geting of the demands and wants of greedy psyches. The corporate universe and related establishments began to work the economic system under the name of globalization. Newer coevalss demanded latest and advanced appliances to run into the competence degrees and to fulfill the demands of emerging markets and labour forces. Nanotechnology, biotechnology, biomedical technology, astronauticss, geospatial engineering, genetic sciences, fittingness and holistic nursing, exigency and catastrophe direction schemes, computing machine forensics, robotics and Fieldss like unreal intelligence have c reated a yet different position in the whole life criterions. The strength, enormousness and leaning of interconnection made possible through globalization therefore produced a immense impact on the present being of people. Huge countries got cleared by extra sums of deforestation and replacing of the infinite with new buildings and edifices. The bar factors were suggested by seting speedy turning trees in the topographic point of the cut trees. But speedy turning trees demanded equal measures of excess H2O which was impossible to be provided in such high proportions. The typical illustration was of eucalyptus trees that required tremendous gallons of H2O beginnings for its growing. Since it was a hard move, it eventually lead to a halt to the immediate growth of trees after mass felling. The activities like excavation of fossil fuels like coal and crude oil from marine environments and the oil spills extended the custodies of worlds onto the natural home grounds of the species brooding inside the oceans. In a manner the activities disturbed the full nutrient rhythms in ocean environments. The workss that grow in the surface absorbs the contaminated H2O which harms the little fishes that depend on works ingredients for their endurance. Hence the aglow and eccentric animals that grow in the dusk zone gets harmed which once more spoilt the bigger marauders that dwell in the bathypelagic zone and the abyssal zone. An incident occurred in California where a peculiar strain of pink pelicans got wiped out within few months due to the extra sums of pesticides that was sprayed onto the rivers that was the chief home ground for the pelican population in that part. As a consequence of the toxin, the workss got infected that automatically created jobs to the fishes in that envir onment. So when the pelicans whose chief nutrient was fishes, consumed the fishes as in normal ratios, the toxin entered their organic structure excessively. Since the energy transportation occurs based on a 10 per centum jurisprudence, the measure of toxic chemicals that penetrated into the pelican organic structure besides. The chemical had a substance inside it that eliminated the cause of formation of surfacing for the eggs formed inside the pelican organic structures. As a consequence, when the eggs fell onto the land, broke due to the absence of the difficult shell about. Since neonates were non produced, the species got nonextant with the current population. The debut of alien species is yet another of import factor that lead to the utmost loss of biodiversity. The alien species are introduced for better resiliency and adaptability factors with the environment. They display greater survival capacity with their advanced organic structure accommodations and opposition capablenesss. A typical illustration was the delivery in of the population of mongooses in a peculiar small town to cut down the perturbation of serpents. After a period of clip, the mongooses wiped off the serpents but as a consequence of the complete extinction of serpents in that country, there occurred utmost generation of rats and gnawers since there was an instability in the nutrient concatenation. The terminal consequence was snake control but extra population of mice. Hence the theory is that ne'er do jobs to the natural co-existence of species as it would make other unmanageable problems in the hereafter. The International Union of Conservation of Nature ( IUCN ) listed the latest tendencies of biodiversity loss with the aid of nonliteral graphs and ratios. Harmonizing to the surveies, the consequences obtained were that 21 % of mammals, 28 % of reptilians, 37 % of fresh water fish, 70 % of workss are under serious menace. Among the 33 largest biotic deltas, about 24 are in a heavy sinking phase. From the decisions of United Nation Environmental Programme ( UNEP ) yearbook, a rounded figure of US 50 dollars fish stocks have been depleted. The Amazon militants and newsmans have given their analysis on about 80 per centum of the lumber woods being sold illicitly for personal additions under the cloaked name of globalization. The increasing industrial activities and mill mercantile establishments have created mayhem in the nearby vicinity parts and the rivers and lakes in the locality. Excess toxic wastes and chemicals gets drained out onto the lands and the H2O beginnings. As a conseque nce of this toxic secernments, the birthrate of the evidences are lost and it penetrates onto the interior parts of Earth through crannies and holes. Thus the H2O table gets affected and the deeper roots of elephantine trees and workss sucks the venom into it doing great problem in the full nutritionary rhythms and nutrient concatenation. When surface run away and dirty eroding occurs, the chemicals flows onto the rivers and its feeders bring forthing pandemonium and confusion to the fish stocks and marine workss. The vaporization procedure absorbs these harmful and unhealthy toxicant chemical substances onto the ambiance. The rain when occurs causes acerb showers and throw outing of unsafe gases onto the surface of the Earth ‘s beds. Many of these imbalanced rhythms have contributed to the climatic alterations and thaw of polar ice caps thereby deluging the low prevarication parts. Ozone depletions and noxious gases have still been hot subjects in the immediate hereafter. Geneticss have been another field that has brought in greater danger in the present scenario. Though it has played an of import lead function in globalization and its effectual steps by raising improved assortments of cowss and stock, giving better quality harvests, bring forthing healthy and immune strain of animate beings and workss, genetically modified and reengineered merchandises for the nutriment and proper consumption of food enriched nutrient stuffs, it has besides displayed itself as a necessary immorality. Better assortments of harvests and strains of cowss are produced by unreal techniques and methods of cross genteelness and genetically modifying the venereal parts of farm animal. Disease immune and pest immune assortments of harvests and related types have tonss of preservatives and chemicals added onto it to give the excess juicy and juicy visual aspect, which are excessively harmful for the normal metabolic activities to be carried on the human organic structure if co nsumed above optimal bounds. Nowadays Kentucky Fried Chicken ( KFC ) , wallopers and dual beef pattie Burgers have invariably filled the shops, eating houses and bakeshops. Peoples are so addicted to the debris nutrient that there is no manner to do them gain the injury it can do to their delicate tegument and organic structure. The heavy dosage of Calories that gets added onto the organic structure can do unsafe wellness jeopardies like fleshiness, chronic rise in blood force per unit area, bosom onslaughts, palpitations and nervous dislocations. The fat molecules when deposited around the critical variety meats can do bad and alarming symptoms of organic structure upsets. The intercrossed cowss might bring forth milk, flesh and wool in much higher proportion than normal and original strains. But the milk, flesh and related merchandises will be full of injected endocrines and unsafe equalizers. It is non the measure that has to be counted and taken into history, but the quality and wellness parametric quantities. Pollution has been yet another factor that has created jobs for the people. Excess gas emanations, car exhaustions, expulsion of CFCs and toxic chemicals onto the surface of the air causes respiratory upsets and rhinal obstructions. The people populating along the waysides and nearby mill edifices develop tegument, oculus and nose annoyances followed by extra external respiration jobs. The wildlife excessively gets affected with utmost inspiration of toxic gases like C dioxide and C monoxides. The force per unit area therefore generated around the valves of respiratory piece of land for sometime can even take to a province of unconsciousness and if continued decease. Lungs have a minimal capacity to filtrate out the unwanted toxins from the general pollution. When it exceeds the bound, the victim gets subjected to chronic irrecoverable complaints. The ruddy list has cited an dismaying figure of hot spots all around the universe. Rare and last of some of the acute species have gone nonextant due to the high degrees of human intercessions and incursion onto the natural home grounds and homes of the aggregation of species. The chief problem occurs when a peculiar strain of species wholly vanishes from the Earth. There is no agencies to convey it back onto the surface once more into full strength. Therefore the best option is to protect and continue the last endurances and invariably work for its maintainance and upbringing. One would n't cognize the true values of an plus until otherwise it is to the full gone from the visibleness of our eyes. Therefore do the maximal effectual use of resources without doing injury to their reconciliation rhythms and its ego capacity to refill itself. Use is non a job, but the manner of managing it is the right method to be practised by persons. Hence globalization has brought about tonss of positive results but at the same clip created mayhem and upset on the other terminal. Clear cut thoughts and its execution is yet an art that has to be handled and practised by the universe and its dwellers for the well being of the hereafter and the effects to follow. If one does make an issue, he is to the full responsible and apt to endure the effects that are to follow by his/her workss. It has played a really of import function in the devastation and desolation of the biotic militias and its profusion.DecisionGlobalization is a true and positive step that has made a immense impact on the full collection of the universe as a incorporate Earth. The effects and steps of its deductions and scheduling hold brought about tonss of benefits to the universe as an economic system. Peoples have gone frontward into believing earnestly about the whole thought of globalizing the universe due to the increased opportunities of benefit factors and t he idea of a better universe has made them travel for it. Every facet has a positive portion and a negative portion. The positive side is that it has lead to liberalization of trade, made technological promotions, built, stronger cross boundary line dealingss, harmonised the economic systems despite of civilizations dazes, communicating barriers, age and gender prejudice, category disparities and rich hapless inequalities. Globalisation as in itself is a cardinal standards spread outing and widening its roots onto newer and fresher facets of better opportunity and alteration factors and looks frontward for advanced thoughts and chances. The negative side is that the basic nature of globalization is that whoever stands on its manner is removed and destroyed in the procedure of promotion. So whether it is an industrial advancement or a technological works building, no affair what, the environing countries and the nearby home grounds are profoundly destructed and devastated. The promotions are constantly achieved by whatever agencies. There ma y be many establishments and avaricious eyes whose purposes are fixed to pull net incomes and money under the camouflage of advancement and outgrowth as a sole and supreme power. Harmonizing to me summing up all the facets covered till now, I go with my base point proposition as to pull positive benefits from both the parties as both are interlinked and connected to each other. None can brace without the other. So giving infinite for the growing of both at the same time can merely convey about an existent alteration in the development of economic system. Biodiversity is of import for the continuance and endurance of life and globalization is required for the regular and changeless growing of the bing life. It is true that harm may happen on any of the evidences, but make it a point that the amendss affected are less and that the positives overpower the injuries followed. Effective schemes and programs can be brought about to implementing right lengths of criterions and preparation of techniques to prolong the growing of biodiversity and globalization parallely. Scheduling and doing proper programs as to conserve and continue the balance of the bing species and making the environment for their full fledged resurgence are really of import for the future promotion of coevalss. All the environmental administrations and establishments must heartily work together in set uping a common land and harvest out the necessary results for the common benefit of all the economic systems together as one.

Trust Me, I Can Do It Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Trust Me, I Can Do It - Essay Example Their parents took a gamble on their future that paid off immensely for their children and the future generations of their family. It was because of that risk that the families took that the future of my own family is so comfortable and promising at the moment. My parent's experience as independent foreign students in the United States helped them build their character and enhanced their decision-making skills. Needless to say, I grew up being regaled by their stories of adventure and mishaps during their time as college students in the United States and wishing to be able to experience the life-changing lessons that my parents did when they were there. Every life lesson that they wanted to teach me about they somehow managed to relate to something that transpired in their lives overseas. I was fascinated by their stories and often told them that I too wished to go to the United States when it came time for me to attend university so that I could experience life first hand the way th at they did. They were actually in total agreement with my desire to study overseas and live independently in the United States. ... Especially since they had spent all their lives shielding me from harm and the dangers of the world. I was their little girl and they wanted to protect me forever if they could. So we began to argue about where I would actually go to university. I still wanted to go overseas and they wanted me to go to a university closer to home for safety purposes. This became a serious point of discussion within our household that often times led to misunderstandings between my parents and I. I knew that I was growing up fast and I needed to flex my independent muscles if I were to become a woman of independent will, strength, and substance in China. I needed my parents to realize that sending me to a China-based university would get me the college diploma that I needed to earn the respect of my peers. But successfully completing my degree overseas would not only get me a diploma but also gain me the respect and admiration of my peers and our business partners.  Ã‚  

The Role of Ethics in Professional Accounting Essay

The Role of Ethics in Professional Accounting - Essay Example Ethical behavior itself is affected by several factors. When speaking specifically about a career, one of the most influential factors on ethical behavior are gender and education. The extent to which these factors influence ethical behavior for any given career has received widespread attention in recent years. The accounting field is not left out. The task is to show that there exists a liaison between accounting and the way gender, (sex) and education affect ethical behavior. Ethical and professional accounting forms a clear financial image of a business, and allows managers to make informed decisions, keeps investors abreast of developments in the business, and keeps the business profitable.1 Operating information is relative to the day-to-day running of the organization. Pay tracks, information of the evolution of liabilities and assets, inventories on goods, follow-up of customers and suppliers; these are only a few of the day-to-day activities in an enterprise. Financial accounting information on its own part concerns information such as the evolution of liabilities and assets. This information is used by stakeholders to analyze the progress of the organization in attaining its set objectives. In this light, shareholders would want to know if they would be benefiting from the business while banks who want to know if their money would be refunded. ... Financial accounting information on its own part concerns information such as the evolution of liabilities and assets. This information is used by stakeholders to analyze the progress of the organization in attaining its set objectives. In this light, shareholders would want to know if they would be benefiting from the business while banks who want to know if their money would be refunded. All information relative to financial accounting is arranged in what is known as bookkeeping. In effect, booking can be defined as: maintenance of systematic and convenient records of money transactions in order to show the condition of a business enterprise. The essential purpose of bookkeeping is to reveal the amounts and sources of the losses and profits for any given period. Proper bookkeeping should also reveal the nature and value of the assets and liabilities of a firm, as well as its net worth at the close of that period.3 Your last name 4. Managerial information is provided to the managers of the organization in a well prepared and easy to comprehend form so as to enable them make informed decisions that would shape the future of the enterprise or organization. As a result of its importance, the accounting of an enterprise is imperatively handled by a professional (accountant) whose (professional) work 'requires specialized and theoretical knowledge, acquired through college training or comparable work experience'.4 Professional work in accounting requires the examination, analysis and interpretation of records. Examples of such work include the:modification and implementation of manual and automated accounting systems to meet the specific fiscal requirements of an agency,development and revision of policies to improve accounting control and efficiency,

Strategic finance and accounting Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Strategic finance and accounting - Essay Example For one reason, mergers are undertaken so as to increase the growth rate of the organization. For this case, the chairman’s statement means that, through the merger, a stronger organization with a stronger financial base to acquire more and better assets and improve the management condition will be formed. In this light, with good management, when a new team of management personnel will be put in place, the chairman is visionary that the newly formed organization will be able to provide better services to the passengers at affordable prices as well as make better profits. Through the merger, there is reduction in competition that was there before between the two firms, and this can make the shareholders now run a more profitable business. The staff will also enjoy since new management comes with new management systems so that, the former problems that were being experienced earlier, must be sorted before the merger takes place. For instance, there has been a cabin crew dispute and strike in the airlines, which will be solved by the merger (TheGuardian, 2010). Therefore, the merger is compelling since it has several advantages, strategic in terms of tax benefits and reduction of competition and financial logic as it brings finances together for investing and improving the face of the new organization to result to better management, customer service and good profits. Considering a recent example of a merger between two cement companies; Lafarge and Holcim, the two companies had an intention of coming together to create the world’s biggest cement maker with combined sales of 32 billion pounds. The merger was aimed also at reducing competition which has made the two firms become the biggest rivals in the

Principles of project management Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Principles of project management - Assignment Example Still, the core project management principles apply. In these regards, the project tasks have been identified, namely, the development of a newly efficient and effective television. The project cost will be estimated; costs will involve development as well as end target margins on sales to consumers. Further consideration will be given to managing risk as a means of adhering to these financial targets. The project will then be organized around specific matrixes with a specific team. Within this team a specific breakdown and division of labor will occur, with a further specified timescale for the work to be accomplished. The plan will then be implemented. Throughout the process specific consideration will be given to project iterations and specific management of the predominant principles that have been outlined. Within the context of Apple, Inc. it’s recognized that increasing emphasis will be placed on technological innovation, user-interface, and cutting-edge design. Still, much of the project cycle will need to be considered in a dynamic context of development and design. 2. The need for project management is an essential aspect of product development and innovation. In the context of Apple, Inc. ... There are a number of factors of success and failure that are considered in relation to project management. Locke (2007) differentiates between many forms of project success. The primary theoretical understanding in these regards is that project management is a multi-dimensional process such that managerial success in terms of project management is distinguished from project success from the perspective of the end user. In these regards, Locke (2007) establishes success and failure factors in relation to the initial project definition. Success is determined in relation to the extent that the project takes on a clear and defined articulation. The next period is the execution period. Project success and failure during the execution period is contingent upon how well the project adheres to the primary elements of cost, execution, and time. Still, project success or failure is further distinguished in terms of overriding benefit for existing stakeholders. In terms of Apple, Inc. the prim ary stakeholders are the organization’s stockholders. As such the project’s ability to ultimately positively contribute to revenue and net profit streams will be the primary determinant of success. Ultimately, it seems this project is realistic. 3. There are four primary phases of project management: initiation, planning, execution, and closure (Lock 2007). Fig. 1 below demonstrates the project management phases. Fig. 1 Project Management Phase Peter (2003) notes that the initiation phase determines the scope and the nature of the project. For Apple, Inc. the scope of the project is the development of a television that is readily integrated with the personal computer, such that the individual will have ease

The Statement of Principles terminated on 30 June 2013. The UK Essay

The Statement of Principles terminated on 30 June 2013. The UK Government has proposed a new programme, including a new mechanis - Essay Example The fishing industry offers employment to around 250,000 people in Indonesia and thus, with this tsunami there were a number of people that lost their jobs3. Tsunami not only has resulted in the death of local people in Indonesia, but there were a number of tourists from different parts of the world especially from Europe that came under the fire as well. Around 9,000 foreign tourists were dead in this flood, and most of these tourists were from European countries4. However, there is little that the government can do in such a catastrophic situation. Although there are certain techniques and strategies that the government can take in order to reduce the impact of these floods such as Stormguard Flood-plan can be implemented in order to be better prepared for such situations as well as to reduce the impact of such disasters5. Similarly, there have been floods in United Kingdom as well. Although the disasters were not as high as Indian Ocean tsunami but still a large number of people l ost their lives. North Sea flood is the worst flood that has occurred in United Kingdom6. North Sea flood occurred on 31st January, 1953 and a number of areas were affected including Belgium, Scotland, Netherlands and England7. The causalities because of the North Sea flood were equaled to 2,142 including 354 people that lost their lives in United Kingdom alone8. ... Thus, it badly affected the economic situation of the country. The damage estimated was around  ?5,000 which if compared in today’s monetary terms would be equal to ?740,00010. The London School Of Economics has announced and warned about flood risk in Britain. According to the research conducted by the school Britain is a highly risky area because of the changes in climate along with the continuous development in floodplains for both residential as well as commercial properties. Centre for Climate Change Economics and Policy and the Grantham Research Institute on Climate Change and the Environment have conducted research and published the paper. They have also been consulted by the British Department for Environment, Food and Rural Affairs (DEFRA)11. Therefore, this paper has raised concerns and risks for people that are buying and investing properties. In order to overcome this issue and concerns of the public, the Association of British Insurers (ABI) along with the natio nal government has come up with the Memorandum Of Understanding (MoU) which is known as Flood Re. This Memorandum Of Understanding (MoU) has been signed between the government, and the carriers and on the basis of this MoU, a non-profit or a not-for-profit flood fund has been developed12. Association Of British Insurers (ABI) is an important company in the insurance industry as it has more than 90% of the market share in the United Kingdom insurance market13. The basic idea of this Flood Re is to offer a cap flood insurance premium for the property owners. This insurance premium will be according to the value of the properties. Moreover, this fund will offer insurance to people that are at a higher risk for flood

Midterm Essay Question Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Midterm Question - Essay Example There was competition in leadership between Austria and Prussia before the Napoleon’s domination in which Prussia won as it was better organized and progressive even though Austria had a larger territory to dominate. Otto von Bismarck is known to have led Prussia in Germany’s unification. He managed to bring reforms in Germany enabling to take Austria by them joining and also making the Prussia military be well trained to the coming wars. There was the France and Germany war known as Franco-Prussian war to which the Prussians side won. This showed how Otto von Bismarck had trained them well by giving them the equipment and led to the border emergence between Germany and France. Unification exposed Cultural, political religious ‘social and political in the new nation (Pohlsander 52). The westward shift from the French contributed to the German unification as the states joined to form one government. This would not have been achieved if France could succeed in the division of Baden and Bavaria states whose government ship were not strong .This could have led to stopped the forces of these states unification. The unification of the states led to political borders as they had won the war from France and proved to have a strong military force. Through this they saw the need of nationalism as majority of the population in the Reichsland period spoke German dialects to which German justified its annexation on nationalistic grounds. The Germany’s military strategy was to control Alsace region to the mountain range, the Thionville and Metz in order for the protection of Germany. The military had also planned to control the Thionville and Metz during the war. By developing the strategies it guided them through the Franco-Prussia war in 1871.This also contributed to the defeat over France. According to Pohlsander (27), the military had interest in some states like the Alsace-Lorrain which had iron-ore and

Communication studies Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Communication studies - Assignment Example A variety of definitions have been produced, yet the attempts to establish a single one seem to be not fruitful (Littlejohn and Foss 3). Thus, considering a few of existing definitions is the best way to understand the essence of the phenomenon. In scholarly literature, communication is considered within three major dimensions: level of observation or, in other words, abstractness, intentionality, and judgment. Within the first dimension, definitions of communication are viewed as broad (for example, communication is a process which relates discontinuous parts of the existing world) or restrictive (communication is a system used to communicate information and orders, through telegraph or telephones). Within the second dimension, the definition includes the dimension of intentionality. For example, communication is a term used to describe situations in which a source transmits a certain message to some receiver with a conscious intent to influence the behavior of the latter. Definitio ns that include judgment present communication within concepts of success, accuracy, effective outcome, etc. For instance, communication is a verbal interchange of some idea or thought (Littlejohn and Foss 4). ... The organizational structure includes employees, departments, their responsibilities, relations, resources, etc (Filipowska et al. 4). Organizational structures may be formal and informal. Virtually every company possesses a formal structure even if it is not strictly adhered to. Most companies also have an informal structure. It suggested that both structures are important for a company’s successful functioning, so it is necessary to learn their intricate characteristics. Formal structure is above all concerned with the existing relationship between authority and the junior. This is known as organizational hierarchy which starts with the most senior person at the top and ends with subordinate employees who are junior to managers of various levels. Informal structure is the one that develops around some project groups or some social groups. It is often grounded on camaraderie, which means people respond immediately and it is easier to continue working (Schatz, n.p.). The struc tures interact with each other in different situations: for instance, when the formal structure ceased to be effective people tend to rely more on the informal one, also working within formal structures, people may complete some tasks within informal structures, which saves time and effort. While communication in any organization is upward, downward, or horizontal (Lunenburg 2), there exist clear differences between the three. Upward communication takes place when the staffs communicate their ideas to a leader with the purpose of inform about some difficulties, clarify some tasks, complain about something etc. Downward communication encompasses communication which goes from higher levels to lower levels of an organization. It is

Minimum Wage in the United States Essay Example for Free

Minimum Wage in the United States Essay A minimum wage is the lowest hourly, daily, or monthly wage that employers may legally pay to employees or workers. The debate over minimum wage in the United States has been ongoing for over 100 years. It is a hot topic in labor, human interest, and especially in economics. Is the minimum wage too low? Is it too high? Should we have one at all? Does having a minimum legal wage help those who it is intended to help, or does it actually make them worse off? Theses questions are asked on a daily basis by interested parties. While there may not be one definitive correct answer, there are compelling arguments on both sides of the issue, and those who represent their â€Å"side† are passionate about their opinions. This is one of a few social topics about which people are generally not indifferent. Much of the adult workforce in the United States has worked a minimum wage job at some point in their career, so we can easily relate to the challenges that face today’s minimum wage workers. This paper is not intended to solve the debate over minimum wage, nor will it attempt to persuade the reader in one direction or the other regarding what should be done concerning minimum wage. The pages that follow will present a brief history of the minimum wage debate in the United States, and then present some of the arguments offered by both sides of the debate. A Brief History of Minimum Wage Although New Zealand was the first country to formally enact minimum wage legislation in 1896,[i] the United States was one of the first major industrialized nations to set a national wage floor for their workers. For decades during the industrial revolution, workers in the United States endured work environments that consisted of long hours, dangerous working conditions, and low wages. Small movements to develop a national minimum wage by labor unions and activist groups were met with predictable resistance from business people, and ultimately struck down by the U. S. Supreme Court. [ii] Finally, in 1938 President Roosevelt and Congress passed the Fair Labor Standards Act. This act was intended to alleviate some of the poor working conditions that mostly women and young children were subject to. Additionally, this act imposed a federally mandated minimum wage of $0. 25 per hour, with some exceptions. [iii] There have been subsequent pieces of legislation that continue to address and improve workers’ rights since that time, focusing more on quality of life issues rather than eliminating abuses by employers. Additionally, individual states now have the right to enact their own minimum wage, so long as it is no lower than the federally mandated minimum wage. Since 1938, the national minimum wage has been raised 21 times, most recently in 2009, and is currently $7. 25 per hour. Today, more than 90% of countries in the world have some sort of wage floor for their work force. [iv] The Case for Minimum Wage Those in favor of a minimum wage argue that it increases the standard of living of workers and reduces poverty. [v] Those workers that are paid minimum wage are unskilled laborers, perhaps first entering the job market. Without any marketable skills, the worker needs some protection that they will be paid a fair rate that will enable them to be self-sufficient until such time that they have learned a skill or trade that will allow them to work their way up from the low wage jobs. Without a minimum wage, employers would have significantly more market power than the workers – a monopsony – and that could result in the intentional collusion between employers regarding the wage they will offer. [vi] Absent this protection, workers would be forced to accept the artificially low wages, resulting in a very low quality of life. Additionally, the argument can be made that paying a â€Å"livable† minimum wage incentivizes workers to not only get a job, but to work hard to keep that job. When minimum wages are significantly greater than payments received through a social welfare system, people are rewarded for their hard work. If a person could receive an amount close to what they would earn at minimum wage through the welfare system, what motivation would they have to work the minimum wage job? In contrast, if workers are paid an amount that is considerably more, they will find and keep work. This serves another purpose, to decrease the cost of government administered social welfare programs by getting people off of welfare and onto payrolls. Another common argument made by those in favor of the minimum wage is that it actually helps to stimulate spending, improving overall economic conditions. [vii] The theory behind this argument is that low wage earners typically spend everything they make. Whether on necessities or luxury items, minimum wage earners are likely to spend their entire paycheck. If there were an increase in the minimum wage, the people who would receive the pay increase would turn around and spend their new money. This would help to cover the costs of the increased wages as many businesses would see an almost immediate return through increased sales. While this argument seems to make sense, it must be clarified that no empirical evidence to support this claim could be found. Another argument made is that an increase in minimum wage helps to improve the work ethic of those who receive the increase. The implication is that if their employer is forced to give them a raise, they will be compelled to work harder to improve their efficiency and increase their productivity in return. Again, there is no evidence to either support or refute this claim, and opinions run strong regarding this argument. Perhaps the most basic and most often made argument in support of a national minimum wage law is that it is simply the correct thing to do, morally speaking. The idea that we should want to take care of each other and make sure that everyone made a comfortable wage is one of the most basic tenets of the philosophy of those who support it. Arguments against Minimum Wage Laws: On the other side of the argument are those who are opposed to increasing the minimum wage, as well as some who think it should be abolished altogether. Many businesspeople and economists are on this side of the debate, and they present some pretty compelling arguments. They argue that imposing an increase on the federally mandated minimum wage actually will do more economic harm than good. [viii] The main argument deals with the elasticity of demand regarding employment. A minimum wage increase actually reduces the quantity demanded of workers, either through a reduction in the number of hours worked by individuals, or through a reduction in the number of jobs. ix] Simply put, employers are likely not going to increase their salary budget, so if the hourly wages increase, then they must reduce the number of hours of work that they are paying for. This could result in the exact opposite impact of that which is intended. Those earning the minimum wage and are facing reduced hours or even being let go will find themselves much worse off as a result of an increase than leaving it at its current rate. Additionally, often the way out of e arning minimum wage is through skills learned through those minimum wage jobs. If there are fewer of these jobs as a result of the wage being higher, fewer people will be able to learn the skills needed to move up on a career path and break the cycle of poverty. Secondly, if employers are unwilling or unable to reduce the number of hours they pay their employees, they will simply attempt to make up the increased salary expense through increased prices. On a small scale, this may not have a large impact on the overall economy. When this is done on a large scale because many employers need to cover their increased costs, this is likely to lead to inflation. x] Higher salaries necessitate higher prices which will erode most if not all of the benefits of the increase in pay. The minimum wage workers will have the same buying power as before, but because of unnecessary inflation, the lower middle class will actually face the biggest impact because their wages will not have increased but their purchasing power will also have eroded. Another area that may be impacted by a mandated wage increase is training. As most workers who earn the minimum wage typically have little education and training, their biggest chance to work their way into a higher paying job is through on the job training. One part of an employer’s budget that could face cuts would be for providing training to employees. Often employers provide training to their employees that would help them advance in their career, but may not be completely necessary in their current position. Unnecessary expenses such as this will most likely be trimmed, resulting in fewer opportunities for the working poor. [xi] Perhaps the simplest argument is if a minimum wage worker is producing $4. 00 per hour worth of product, and then the federal minimum wage is raised to $5. 0, the employer must find a way to increase the workers marginal productivity or face operating loses due to underproductive employees. One final thought from opponents is that once all of the aforementioned arguments are considered, there are more effective ways of helping address the issue of poverty. The Earned Income Tax Credit is pointed to as a strong example of one of the more effective ideas, rather than putting the burden of poverty on em ployers, it is shifted to the government. [xii] Empirical Data: When considering both sides of this debate, it is important to realize who are the workers earning minimum wage, and what role they have in providing for their families. Of the 1. 9 million workers in the United States who were paid the minimum wage in 2005 (most recent information available), more than one half (53%) are between the ages of 16-24. These workers are most likely high school and college students, and most of them do not work a full time schedule. Two thirds are members of families who have a combined income of at least 2 or more times the official poverty level based on their family size. Less than 17 percent are the only wage earners in their families, and less than 6 percent are poor single mothers. [xiii] What does this information tell us? The most important thing is that an increase in the minimum wage would target a majority of people who may not be living in poverty and are otherwise not in need of direct assistance. The far-reaching effects of raising minimum wages across the board in order to get help to the approximately 22 percent of earners who are truly living in poverty seems to be at the least ineffective, and at worst it could epresent a terrible misstep in economic policy. It is difficult if not impossible to identify the jobs lost because of minimum wage, but it is very easy to identify the additional income for a minimum wage worker. This is often the first retort from minimum wage advocates in response to arguments made by the other side. Alison Wellington’s research found that a 10% increase in the minimum wage resulted in a 0. 6% decrease in teenage employment, with no effect on unemployment rates. [xiv] A study along the same lines by David Neumark and William Washer in 2008 found contrasting results. They concluded that minimum wage resulted in a reduction in employment opportunities for low skilled workers, it was most harmful to poverty-stricken families, and that it lowers the adult wages of young workers by reducing their ultimate level of education. [xv] There are countless studies on both sides of the issue, and each one only solidifies each side in their existing opinion. No matter what position one takes regarding the minimum wage debate, there are a multitude of studies available to support it. The seemingly obvious fact is that these small increases that are enacted every few years are never enough to truly make a difference in bringing a person or a family out of poverty. A fifty cent increase in the minimum wage results in about $20 more per week for a full time worker. In my estimation, it is quite unlikely that small amount is making the difference in a person or a family living in poverty and living comfortably. A study of PhD members of the American Economic Association found that 46. % of respondents wanted minimum wage completely eliminated while 37. 7% want the minimum wage increased. [xvi] Such division among even the most expert economists shows exactly how contentious this issue is, and that there is no black and white, right or wrong answer to solve the debate. Perhaps as time goes on and there is more historical data to review, there may be a more definitive answer regarding this debate. Until such time, both sides will most likely remain entrenched in their current position.

Video games good or bad Essay Example for Free

Video games good or bad Essay Are Video Games Good For You, by Steven Berlin Johnson a author and writer of numerous magazine articles. Johnson has stirred academia and parents alike by professing that video games have a place in education. Johnsons views on video games are so out of the mainstream most people dismissed his assertions without much thought. His ideas seemed to find traction though when he wrote his book on the subject advocating a controversial view point video games are good for you. Johnson makes a simple claim that video games can be beneficial. Is it possible the biggest distracter of teenagers and college students in America, could actually be doing some good? There are numerous studies on video game play and the amount of time people spend on them, especially our youth. Many previous studies do not reflect Johnsons view point. So, are video games educational, or just another distraction to traditional education and parents? Johnson argues that video games not only attract kids through sex and violence. He claims people are drawn to the structure and sense of adventure. Johnson contends that certain parts of the brain are stimulated that actually make you crave conquest. Johnson claims that video games are so complicated, filled with problem solving and realistic scenarios that they must be doing something positive. He asserts that television has some of the same characteristics as video games. The most debased forms of mass diversion video games and violent television dramas and juvenile sitcoms turn out to be nutritional after all, Johnson writes. They offer an increasingly rigorous cognitive workout. Whats more, the mental skills they hone are just as important as the ones exercised by reading books.(pp. 381-394 ). Johnson continues throughout his article to bring scientific data to light on the subject, but it does not convince this writer that video games are good for you. Johnson does not take all the blame on that data because there really isnt much available on the subject. Johnson tries to take liberty with IQ scores on the rise over the last few years but that is a stretch in his attempt link it to video game play. Johnson ignores any data that conflicts with his position, such as better education techniques or more access to information through the use of the internet. Inquiring deeper in the area of study, there seems to be quite a bit of data that Johnson doesnt mention in his article. Studies reveal that there is a great deal of harm caused by extended video game play. Links have been made to aggressive behavior and even physical altercations to video game play. Parents have nothing but complaints about video games. Most parents want their children to play the traditional way, outside. Parents also have a hard time getting children to do anything else when a video game takes over. Johnson himself backs away from his own argument when he makes statements like dont stop reading books or do not depend on video games for your entire education. Johnson has caused me to explore the idea that video games are more than just a distraction, but in the end they are not best way to educate our children-they are a distraction. References Johnson, S. (2012) Why Games Are Good For You, From Inquiry to Academic Writing, pp. 481-494Ã'Ž

Theories of the Causes of Black Holes

Theories of the Causes of Black Holes Black Holes The phrase â€Å"black holes† is introduced to scientific world not by a physicist but a journalist, Ann Ewing in 1964, who made a report on a meeting of the American Association for the Advancement of Science (Ewing, 1964). Some elegant French argued that the phrase has annoying sexual insinuation. After that, the famous physics John Wheeler spread the â€Å"black holes† widely in physics and the public view. Actually the concept of an object so massive that even the light can’t be escaped is proposed by Michell (1783), as well as by Laplace (Gillispie, 2000) But this idea was so radical at that time when the light was thought to be massless. The golden age of black holes came along with the establishment of the generally relativity by A. Einstein (OConnor, 1996). Schwarzschild and Droste solved the Einstein field equations independently and a solution describing a point mass was found (Schwarzchild, 1916; Droste, 1917). The properties of the black holes are dev eloped and explained by a group of important works. G. Lemaitre and R. Oppenheimer have interpreted the singularity (Hooft, 2009; Ruffini, 1971). The event horizon is defined as a boundary inspace and time, inside which an event can’t be observed by the outsider (Wheeler, 2007). The no-hair theory of the black hole is completed by the work of Carter (1971), Israel (1967) and Robinson (1975), declaring that a stationary black hole can be described by only three parameters: the mass, the charge and the angular momentum. The black hole thermodynamics is interpreted by Bardeen et al. (1973). In order to get a direct physical picture of a black hole, an illustration of a non-spinning black hole is given. Based on mathematically solution, a non-spinning black hole possesses a spherically symmetric boundary, which is also the event horizon. The center of the non-spinning black hole is a singularity where the gravitational forces become infinite. The distance between the singularity and the event horizon is called the Schwarzschild radius. The surface gravity of a stationary black hole is constant over the event horizon. One thing to be noted, it is impossible by any procedure, no matter how idealized, to reduce the surface gravity to zero by a finite sequence of operations. Aphoton sphere, the radius of which is 1.5 times of the Schwarzschild radius, is a  spherical  special region where  gravity  forces the  photons  to travel in orbits. Generally the black hole is classified to four groups according to their mass: micro, stellar, intermediate-mass and super ma ssive black hole. Generally the size of a black hole is approximately proportional to its mass, the heavier of a black hole, the bigger of its size. A black hole with mass of 1000 times of solar mass has a radius like the earth. The formation of a black hole is a mystery. Einstein thought that the exotic object, like black holes, would not exist in nature even there are such solutions to Einstein gravitationalfield equations. However, more and more theoretical calculations and even important astronomical observations have proved that Einstein is wrong. Most astrophysicists have reached an agreement that the formation of a black hole usually evolves many stages. First the primary process of the evolution is the gravitational collapse, which is usually occurs after the death of a heavy object, like stars. When a star doesn’t have enough â€Å"fuel† to keep its temperature through nuclearreaction or the star is keeping absorbing matters around it by universalgravitation. After the collapse, if the mass of leftover exceeds over 3 to 4 times of solar mass, it has an opportunity to form a black hole. The second stage is the formation of the event horizon, which is also the way to distinguish the blac k holes and other forms of objects, such as neutron stars, which are also a result of the gravitational collapse. Thanks to the work of Kerr (2009), who proved that the event horizon could be physical not just mathematical. According to the black holes thermodynamics, the area of the event horizon of each black hole does not decrease with time. After the presence of the event horizon, a singularity will form in a black hole (Penrose, 1965). This is considered to be the third stage. A black hole can continually grow up by absorbing the matters and interstellar dust or even merges with other stars or black holes. This is considered to be a way to super massive black holes. The last stage of black holes is the evaporation. If the Hawking’s theory can be verified, a black hole is not totally black but emits its thermal radiation with a quite small quantity. This means that a black hole would loss its mass by Hawking radiation (Parikh, 2000) and vanishes eventually. Simulation res ults show that a small black hole owns very strong emission effects. The Hawking radiation will be discussed in details. Once the scientific world accepts the concept of black holes, a question is launched: are the black holes keep growing and expanding? Hawking says no! By applying quantum field theory into a stationary black hole background, he found that a black hole should radiate particles like a black body near the event horizon (Hawking, 1974). Physical picture to this bizarre phenomenon is the radiation is not come from the black holes directly, but the results of particle-antiparticle formation just beyond the event horizon. Specifically, a particle-antiparticle pair generated from the vacuum fluctuations appears close to the event horizon. One of the pair escapes forms the boundary while another one falls into it (Droste, 1917). Another interesting question is: how can be detected a black hole where even light can’t escape? The direct way is to probing the Hawking radiation, unfortunately the simulation results show that the Hawking radiation is too small to be detected from the Earth. In 2008 NASA launched the Fermi Gammar-ray Space Telescope to search the Hawking radiation which is strong in the last stage of a black hole (Naeye, 2008). Beyond the detection of Hawking radiation. Many indirect approaches to detecting black holes are proposed and realized by astrophysicists. The X-ray binaries, a binary star system, emit bright X-ray spectrum. The XUV radiation is generally considered to be caused by a compact star being accreting interstellar gas and dust. The presence of the X-ray binary gives an opportunity to locating a black hole. In 1999, Celotti reported the existence of the sofr X-ray transients and predicted that a black hole may be formed in the region (Celotti, 1999). Still more data and needed to verify this finding. Another way to detect a black hole is based on the massive gravitational effect caused by the black holes. On candidate is the gravitational lens effect which deforms the space structure to bend the light as if a lens. The way to observe the gravitational lens effect is to observe the orbit of a star near the vicinity of a black hole. The evidence of the black holes caused gravitational lens i s found by Bozza et al. (2010) around Sagittarius A*. A widely accepted view is that a super massive black holes exists in nearly the center of every galaxy, not just active ones. When an observer is falling into a black hole, what kind of experience would he have? Theorists argue that if another observer out of the black holes tries to describe the falling one he should never be able to cross the horizon. This means, the falling one should take infinite time to cross the event horizon if he were not torn apart by tidal forces even before reaching the horizon. On the other hand, for this observer falling across the event horizon, he takes only a finite proper time in his own coordinate. However, he will not find any Hawking radiation. In fact this paradox comes from the contradiction between the general gravitational theory and the quantum mechanism. The two theories are successful in their own regions, general gravitational theory for cosmic and the quantum mechanism for atomic particles, but they can’t fit each other. The funny thing is that Einstein is against the quantum mechanism even he is one of the founders to it and even he was rewarded the Nob ile Prize for his important work in quantum mechanism. Until now this is still an open question to the theoretical and astronomical physicists. The black holes attract attentions both from scientists and the public. At first, it is only a mathematical expression for a special space time structure where nothing can be escape from it and described in scientific fictions. However with the appearances of more and more indirect evidences, it turns out to be reality with certain possibility. From scientific view of point, the black holes own unique properties and components, such as singularity, the event horizon, Hawking radiation. The black holes can provide particular physical conditions where new physical laws and principles can be verified. The researches on black holes push the frontier of astronomy, including worm holes, interstellar travel between stars, cosmic settlement. Fortunately we have plenty of time, maybe millions of years. References Bardeen, J. M. et al. (1973). The four laws of black hole mechanics. Communication Mathematical Physics, Vol. 31. pp. 161-170. Bozza, V. (2010). Gravitational lensing by black holes.General Relativity and Gravitation, Vol. 42. No.42. pp. 2269–2300. Carter, B. (1971). Axisymmetric black hole has only two degrees of freedom. Physical Review Letters  Vol. 26. No. 6. pp.331-333. Celotti, A.; Miller, J. C.; Sciama, D. W. (1999). Astrophysical evidence for the existence of black holes.Classical and Quantum Gravity,  Vol. 16. No.12. pp. A3–A21. Droste, J.(1917). On the field of a single centre in Einsteins theory of gravitation, and the motion of a particle in that field.  Proceedings Royal Academy Amsterdam, Vol.19.No. 1. pp. 197–215. Droste, J.(2009). On the field of a single centre in Einsteins theory of gravitation, and the motion of a particle in that field.  Proceedings Royal Academy Amsterdam,Vol. 19. No.1. pp.197–215. Gillispie, C., Laplace, P. (2000). 1749–1827: a life in exact science. Princeton University Press. Hawking, S. W. (1974). Black hole explosions?  Nature,Vol. 248.No. 5443. pp. 30–31. Hooft, G.t. (2009). Introduction to the theory of black holes. Institute for Theoretical Physics / Spinoza Institute. pp.47–48. Israel, W. (1967). Event Horizons in Static Vacuum Space-Times.Physical Review  Vol. 164. No. 5. pp. 1776-1779. Kerr, R. P. (2009). The Kerr and Kerr-Schild metrics. Spacetime. Cambridge University Press. Michell, J. (1784).  Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society, No.74. pp. 35–57. Naeye, R.(2008). Testing fundamental physics. NASA. OConnor, J.J., and Robertson, E.F. (1996). General relativity.University of St. Andrews, Scotland. Parikh, M., Wilczek, F. (2000). Hawking radiation as tunneling. Physical Review Letters, No. 26. No. 21. pp. 1344-1346. Penrose, R.(1965). Gravitational collapse and space-time singularities. Physical Review Letters,Vol. 14. No.3. pp. 57-59. Quinion, M.(2008).  Black Hole.World Wide Words. Robinson, D. (1975). Uniqueness of the Kerr black hole.  Physical Review Letters,Vol. 34. No. 14. pp. 905-906. Ruffini, R.;Wheeler, J. A.(1971). Introducing the black hole.Physics Today,Vol. 24No. 1. pp. 30–41. Schwarzschild, K.(1916). ÃÅ"ber das gravitationsfeld eines massenpunktes nach der Einsteinschen theorie.Sitzungsberichte der Kà ¶niglich Preussischen Akademie der Wissenschaften,No. 7. pp. 189–196. Wheeler, J. Craig. (2007).  Cosmic catastrophes. Cambridge University Press.

rober lowell Essay -- essays research papers

Te poem by Robert Lowell seems as if he was remembering his mother’s death and what he had gone through during that time. He tells the story in a poem in a sequential order from being in the hospital, being in the car with her dead body and finally in the cemetery burying her.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  In the hospital we can see that he remembers that the nurse could only speak in Italian. We also see that, he kind of knew that his mom was going to die because he says that there is only a week left of her existence. By thinking about all this Robert Lowell starts to tear and I guess does cry.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  When he gets his mother’s casket in the car he gets very descriptive by saying, â€Å"the whole shoreline of the Golfo di Genova was breaking into fiery flowers. The crazy yellow and azure sea-sleds blasting like jack-hammers across the spumante-bubbling, wake of our liner.† In these lines he’s basically talking about or describing his emotions. Then he goes on talking about his Ford vehicle where the mother is traveling first class in the hold. Then the author talks about the black and gold casket and how it resembles with the great Napoleon’s casket. Since Napoleon was a very noble man in his time he referred his mom’s casket with Napoleon’s. He saw the importance because the mother was very important in Robert’s life just as Napoleon was important to his people.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Its so hard writing down what you see in a poem. Well this is...

Travels with My Aunt Essay -- English Literature Personal Narratives E

Travels with My Aunt Part 1 Chapter 1 title – The beginning of the End 1. He meets Aunt Augusta and she is 74-75 yrs old 2. Henry describes his father. His father is: - sleepy - sloppy - a building contractor - not outgoing - not motivated to do his job 3. The mother is the Hunter and the father is the Hunted. This shows that his mother dominates his father. She is the person in charge. This also shows that the role of women has changed. Usually men dominated their wives, but in this case it is the complete opposite. 4. Henry says his Aunt was dressed like a ‘queen.’ He also says that his aunt is more towards the present mode. He is amazed by her appearance, for example her red hair and her teeth. At this moment there are no hints about his true relationship with his Aunt 5. This quote has to do with Henry’s life. He says that there is so much waiting. He is a retired man and he has almost dedicated his remaining life to his dahlias. This shows that all he now waits for is death. The irony is that life is all about waiting. His mother is also waiting for eternity. 6. This trip is so memorable for Henry due to several reasons: - the incident of the urn leads to another journey - in this journey he found out that his mother wasn’t his real mother - His life changes as he takes part in the trip which lead to more trips Vocabulary a) Lethargic (10) – laziness, sleepiness b) dahlia (11) – a type of flower, a plant Chapter 2 title – The Truth / Unpleasant surprise 7. Significance in Henry’s mind - shows what he is interested in (his values, eg, the dahlias) - he doesn’t want to go to Aunt Augusta’s house - consumed with the mundane (dull, boring, ordinary) 8. Henry’s... ...entful then he thought it would be. Mr Sparrow and Mr Woodrow come to Henry’s house. They are pursuing an inquiry at the request of Interpol. Vocabulary bb) irrational – without a reason Chapter 20 65. He notes that loyalty to a person certainly involves loyalty to all the flaws of a human being. This is what he now means by loyalty now that he has met Aunt Augusta. He says that his aunt wasn’t free of the tricking and immortality. He wonders if his aunt ever stole a check or robbed a bank. 66. Detective Sergeant Sparrow was looking for Mr Visconti or any of his traces. 67. They find a postcard from Panama signed A.D. 68. Sparrow knows that Visconti was a viper. He also knows that Aunt Augusta had something to do with Mr Visconti. He knows that Mr Visconti was over 80, presumably in his nineties. Vocabulary cc) chicanery – a trick

An Era Understood Through Fitzgerald’s Characters Essay -- Literary An

â€Å"Gatsby believed in the green light, the orgastic future that year by year recedes before us.†¦ Tomorrow we will run faster, stretch out our arms farther.†¦ And one fine morning—† (Fitzgerald 180). In this quote from The Great Gatsby, Nick attempts to describe the nature of Gatsby’s hope and draws the parallel to all of our hopes and dreams that we have as Americans. F. Scott Fitzgerald, an American novelist and short-story writer, was an amazing author who used his work, just like in the quote above, to write about the Roaring Twenties and the hopes of Americans during that time. His earlier works show an idealistic feeling for the potentials of life at college and in â€Å"The East,† he attained the sobriquet of â€Å"the spokesman of the Jazz Age.† His third novel, The Great Gatsby, is one of the most powerful portrayals of American life and the pursuit of the great American dream during the 1920s. Throughout this paper, Fitzgerald ’s excellent job in conveying the lifestyle and pursuit of the American dream through his characters, in both The Great Gatsby and â€Å"Winter Dreams†, will be reflected upon. Fitzgerald’s life influences on his works, why he is regarded as a historian of the 1920s and how Fitzgerald uses his characters to reveal the Roaring Twenties era, will all be explored. Fitzgerald, during his youth, showed a talent for dramas, first writing original plays for amateur fabrication. While at Princeton, he composed stanzas for the university's well-known Triangle Club productions. Before he had the opportunity to graduate, he volunteered during World War I for the army. Due to his enlistment, he spent the weekends writing the original drafts of his first novel. The work was a success and accepted in 1919 by Charles Scribner’s S... ...dwick-Johnston Memorial Lib., Madisonville, TN. 12 March 2012. Prigozy, Ruth. "F(rancis) Scott (Key) Fitzgerald." American Short-Story Writers, 1910- 1945: First Series. Ed. Bobby Ellen Kimbel. Detroit: Gale Research, 1989. Dictionary of Literary Biography Vol. 86. Literature Resource Center. Hardwick-Johnston Memorial Lib., Madisonville, TN. 12 March 2012. Tompkins, Sandra. Lecture: â€Å"F. Scott Fitzgerald, The Great Gatsby.† English 3120: Hiwassee College. 27 March 2012. Trask, David F. â€Å"A Note on Fitzgerald's The Great Gatsby.† University Review 33.3 (Mar. 1967): 197-202. Rpt. in Novels for Students. Ed. Diane Telgen. Vol. 2. Detroit: Gale, 1998. Literature Resource Center. Hardwick-Johnston Memorial Lib., Madisonville, TN. 12 March 2012. Whitley, Peggy. â€Å"Lone Star College - Kingwood.† American Cultural History. Lone Star College Library. 5 Apr. 2012.

Robert Borden

Robert Borden Robert Borden was the most successful Prime Minister because he led Canada through World War One, increased the war effort in World War One, and made the Wartime Business Profits Tax of 1917. First, Robert Borden was a successful Prime Minister because he led Canada through World War One. Robert Borden wanted Canada to participate in the war and got several troops for the Britain empire. He made the first GST tax, and gave women the right to vote. He led Canada to winning several incredibly successful battles, including the famous Paschendale.At the peace treaty of Versailles, he got a separate seat from Britain, which led to independence. Canada signed as an independent nation on the treaty and was a delegate for the World Nations. Robert Borden increased the war effort in World war One by sending out more troops into battle and by sending out more supplies for the soldiers. By doing so, Canada gained huge international recognition by proving that Canada was serious ab out the war. This was a very large step for the country because now Canada would have an impact in war.Robert Borden introduced the war measures act in World War 1. He did this to protect the citizens of Canada. The War Measures Act was an act that allowed any person of authority to arrest someone who had some sort of suspicion. This protected the citizens of Canada by eliminating anyone who could potentially do harm. In conclusion Robert Borden was the most successful prime minister because he led Canada through World War One, increased the war effort in World War One, and made the Wartime Business Profits Tax of 1917.

The Chautauqua Movement

The Progressive Era was a time when many Gilded Age issues and problems were either Improved or resolved. Some of the greatest Improvements were in the areas of the Arts and Education. At the turn of the 20th century, education was very scarce. Many people were illiterate and not many children had the opportunity to go to school because they were too busy working in factories or on farms.However, it had been a goal of some Progressive reformers to develop programs that would eliminate hillside's participation in child labor, and increase their involvement in education and extracurricular activities (Davis). To that end, in 1874, John Heel Vincent and Lewis Miller rented the site of a Methodist camp to use a summer school for Sunday school teachers. This was known as the Chautauqua Institution (History of the Chautauqua Movement). The original Chautauqua Lake Sunday School Assembly in western New York began as a program for the training of Sunday-school teachers and church workers.Soo n the institution drew in more curious people and they expanded their studies to politics, culture, literature, and science. They attended lectures and performances but unfortunately the decline of the movement put an end to Chautauqua reign. During the Progressive Era, the Chautauqua Movement impacted American Society by providing adult education in various subjects, exposing people to many new ideas, and paving the way for new ideas regarding mass entertainment. The expansion of the Chautauqua idea later extended from general education to lectures, discussions, and home readings.A combination of formal classes, informal conferences, recreation and entertainment had also been offered. It was through the success of the Chautauqua Minimal year that the program's expansion was Inspired. In 1875, Hebrew and Greek classes were added for student use. A year later, In 1876, English Literature had been included where students completing the four-year reading program receive official diplom as. A little while after, French and German classes were added in 1878. Eventually, in-service courses were also offered for public school teachers.Also in 1878, the Chautauqua Literary and Scientific Circle was organized as a 4-year plan of home reading In English, American, European, and classical history and literature. This plan Is considered to be the first basic program of coordinated instruction on a national level for men and women in the united States. To further aid adult education, books were supplemented by a monthly magazine called the Chautauqua, published from 1880-1914. The books included articles related to yearly themes, discussion questions, bibliographies, literary extracts, Inspirational statements and news (RUG).As expected from the exposure adults gained to various subjects, the Chautauqua Chautauqua learned so much, and it was marveled by many. â€Å"William Jennings Bryan deemed Chautauqua a â€Å"potent human factor in molding the mind of the nation† (Chautauqua Trail). Chautauqua showed people different aspects of education. Not only could the people take general education classes, but also many informal classes were offered as well. Millions of people attended and as part of the Chautauqua cultural program, Chautauqua could take music lessons, elocution, calisthenics, and dance. Music was an important part of the movement.Some hymns were written by Mary Lathery and became an integral part of religious services. The Chautauqua band had also performed at both formal and informal events (The Chautauqua Experience). Since the Chautauqua cultural program was so diverse, the Movement has also paved the way for many new ideas regarding mass entertainment. Due to the fact that all good things must eventually come to an end, the decline of the Chautauqua Movement occurred in the mid asses. Since the movement was densely populated with women, the rise of liberated and educated women caused them to no longer need Chautauqua.Due to the fact that it functioned for many lower/middle class women, Chautauqua were training grounds from which women could launch careers. When more opportunities arrived, the woman's interest in Chautauqua added (Chautauqua Trail). Another reason for the decline was, of course, the Great Depression. The Depression made the Chautauqua Movements economically impossible to function. Even though these occurrences put an end to the movement, it paved a path for further inventions regarding technology and mass entertainment for our society.Some of the inventions that also caused the movement's decline were, automobiles, motion pictures, and radios. Automobiles eliminated isolation in American towns because people could travel one place to another in certain time frames. Motion pictures, movies, provided nationwide entertainment. The invention of radios allowed people to listen to current cultural events without having to buy newspapers or leave their home (Lakeside Ohio). Even though these inven tions led to the decline of the movement, as well as the other factors, the Chautauqua movement was the start of the new technological advancements.The movement paved the way then fell away to leave room for bigger and better things. The Chautauqua movement was very successful. Unfortunately, the movement eventually led to a decline due to factors such as, the rise of automobiles, movies, radios, and other forms of entertainment. There was also the Depression and the rise of liberated and educated women (Lakeside Ohio). However, despite its decline, Chautauqua still lives on today. The demand for authentic experiences are growing and people are resurrecting the Chautauqua and modernizing it.

Building Effective Teams & Daniels and Daniels

As part of determining the effectiveness of a team, the team’s performance needs to be carefully measured. However, measuring the performance of a traditional team, where all members work in the same place in a single location, is different from measuring the performance of that of a global-based team. There are many factors that need to be considered when it comes to these measurements. It is important that the differences be considered in order to create a fair measurement of each member’s performance.Daniels and Daniels (1993, p.  46) said that â€Å"establishing a global system of measuring performance allows alignment of global stages in the company so that any given individual employee knows at any given point in time how his/her performance is contributing to the global business objectives and strategy. † Being a member of a global-based team, there are certain skills that management would desire for the member to have in order to work effectively with t he team. These characteristics and skills need to be exhibited by the members and can be used to determine the performance of each member. The different skills are discussed briefly below. Diversity ToleranceGlobal-based teams would have members belonging to different races, different nationalities and culture. In short, the team is diversified when it comes to its members. For the members of this kind of team to work properly, each of them needs to understand the nature of the team and be willing to work with people from different countries. Teamwork Willingness As with any type of team, members should all be team players. Each team member should know how to cooperate and contribute to the success of the team in attaining its goals. Etiquette Work etiquette is very important especially in a team-based organization.Each member is expected to work with each other. Though the work ethics of each member may differ from the other, the general and standard rules should still be observed. Listening Skills This is a very important skill that any individual should possess, especially when working with teams. Listening to others means that you are respecting their views, thoughts and decisions. You may not totally agree with them but you are sending the message that you are welcoming the idea when you listen. This skill is also crucial for a team’s success. Stress Resistance Stress comes with any type of work.People get stressed due to pressure. But most of the people who are usually stressed are those that cannot manage their time wisely. It is important for a team and each member to have a good sense of time management in order to avoid getting stressed as it affects the performance and productivity of the whole team. Problem Solving and Conflict Handling One of the skills that a mature and experienced professional should have is the ability to handle most of the problems that may occur. Being able to make wise decisions to solve problems is desirable in any t eam structure.The diverse culture and nationalities of the members would also produce conflict more often than expected. Thus, it is important that each member of the team should be able to effectively handle these conflicts and come with resolutions that are amenable to everyone. To measure the performance of the team and its members in terms of the skills mentioned above, I would suggest having a balanced scorecard that encompasses all aspects of performance. The above skills are some of the competencies that each member should possess as an individual and would comprise 50% of the scorecard. The remaining 50% would be quantitative performance, i.e. adherence to the set metrics, and shareholder value. The first 50%, which are composed of the qualities described above, can be measured through peer feedback. Team members get to assess one another in terms of the above skills and rate each other accordingly. Of course, this is done anonymously. Feedback from other team members can re ally help in the assessment of each member’s performance in terms of the different qualities above. Other than peer feedback, managers and supervisors can also add their own observations of the member since there can be times that peer feedbacks become subjective.Another method of evaluating these skills, perhaps, is assessment through case study and defense. Members will be given a scenario, internal or external, that commonly happens in the business and the team and be asked to accomplish the goal described in the scenario. The scenario and the goal can be made to encompass all or most of the qualities stated above. Each member then submits a comprehensive answer and response to the case study. Managers can now evaluate each member’s capability based on the responses received. Each member will also be given the chance to defend his/her responses in a discussion with the supervisor.These performance measurement tools suggested may be presented to the upper management for approval. Perhaps, a sample feedback form and case assessment can be provided for the director to better appreciate the tools being suggested. Team and Individual Performance A team’s performance may be an indicating factor of how each member of the team works. Rewarding the team as a whole when a goal is accomplished is a good way to boost their confidence. However, each individual’s performance should also be rewarded accordingly. A team performing well as whole does not necessarily mean that every member is doing an exemplary job.If individual rewards are given to top performers, other members will also be motivated and be encouraged to work harder to also gain achievement and rewards. That would mean a much better performance that awaits the team. Analysis In my research for the above discussion on suggestions for performance measurement tools, I have come to realize that performance is not only measured in terms of what the member can do and how productive the member is. It is also important to assess different skills sets and competencies that relate to the way a member does the job and work with other people.Since in a global-based environment physical interaction may be very limited, the skills mentioned above would compensate for this and contribute to the overall success of the team. The skills mentioned above can actually be summarized into two major things: total respect for each other despite the differences and ability to work as a team with common goals. These things should be made known to the employees at the very start of building this kind of team. In fact, these skills should also be part of the qualifications in recruiting potential members of the team.With the skills mentioned above, there are some which are based on cultural differences such as diversity tolerance and conflict handling. These measurements can be better understood by the employees by explaining clearly to them the purpose of these measurement criteria. I t should be made clear to them that the purpose of these criteria is only to ensure that the employees are working well with each other despite of the differences and are able to resolve on their own the different conflicts that may exist among different members.These measurement tools can also assure them that there will be no bias on rewarding individuals just because of their cultural background; assessments will be done in an objective manner. References Daniels, J. L. & Daniels, C. N. (1993). Global Vision: Building New Models for the Corporation of the Future. USA: McGraw-Hill Professional. Mitchell, C. (2000). A Short Course in International Business Culture. Novato, CA: World Trade Press.